Arte de sistemas was the term Jorge Glusberg coined for the different artistic approaches that were developed by the Centro de Arte y Comunicación [CayC]. Within this concept, works are understood as sistemas de signos [systems of symbols] that respond to different codes: political, ecological, conceptual, and cybernetic, among others. Beyond the diverse meanings of each work, they all uphold the nature of the system at the level of production, the possibility of a serialization or multiplication of these works, and the significance of the creative process, which was emphasized over the finished product. The Centro de Estudios de Arte y Comunicación (CEAC) was created in 1968. Shortly after its first public exhibition at the Galería Bonino Arte (August–September 1969), it changed its name to the Centro de Arte y Comunicación (CAyC). Led by director and theoretician Jorge Glusberg, the CAyC sponsored a number of different artists over time. The Grupo de los Trece [Group of Thirteen] was founded in 1971 and was comprised of Jacques Bedel, Luis {Fernando] Benedit (1933-2011), Gregorio Dujovny, Carlos Ginzburg, Víctor Grippo, Jorge González Mir, Vicente Marotta, Luis Pazos, Alfredo Portillos, Juan Carlos Romero, Julio Teich, Horacio Zabala, Alberto Pellegrino, and Jorge Glusberg. Later, some of the artists left the group and were replaced by new members. By 1975 the Grupo CAyC included Bedel, Benedit, Grippo, Portillos, and Glusberg.